Community-directed treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin in Takum, Nigeria

A study to identify factors within the community that can ensure sustainabl e community-directed treatment (ComDT) with ivermectin compared the effecti veness of programme-designed (PD) and community-designed (CD) strategies in 37 villages in the Takum area of Nigeria. In a subset of PD villages, desi gnated PD1, communities were asked to use the village heads as community-di rected distributors (CDD), and the other communities (PD2) were asked to se lect female distributors, and both were instructed to use the house-to-hous e method of distribution. Community-designed communities, on the other hand , were asked to design their own approach. All study communities received h ealth education, treatment guidelines, and training enabling them to determ ine appropriate dosage. A total of 1744 people were interviewed about their experiences after two treatment cycles. Communities preferred honest, reli able community members as CDDs, but few women were selected. The results sh ow striking similarity between PD and CD villages in many respects. In the PD1 villages, where the programme designated the village head as CDD, the m ode of distribution was changed from house-to-house to central point, and d istribution took place in the compound of the village head. In the PD2 vill ages, where the programme specified distributors should be women, the women who were selected were replaced by their male children. These changes to t he original design were consistent with the local cultural norms and made t he arrangement for distribution more acceptable to the people. Programme-de signed villages that used the village head as distributors performed better than those that used women, and the coverage in the former group compares well with that of CD villages. Only five villages achieved coverage > 60%, but dosage was correct in most cases (87.4%). Drug shortage was the most fr equent reason for non-treatment. Communities devised means for ensuring equ ity and fairness in sharing their limited supply and freely altered the ori ginal designs to fit local norms and values. These changes to the original design were consistent with local norms and were acceptable to the people. The success of this strategy should be tested in other parts of Nigeria. Lo ng-term success of ComDT, however, requires a reliable drug supply and inpu ts from professionals in the health system for minimal supervision. The cor e issues that determine sustainability of ComDT appear Co he not so much in the structure, but in the process by which they are introduced. Communitie s will only sustain a programme where the process of implementation fits we ll with local norms and where communities are free to alter PD procedures t hat are inconsistent with local customs.