Techniques for estimating the residual range of an electric vehicle

This paper presents an algorithm that has been developed to estimate the re sidual range of an electric vehicle, i,e,, the distance that can still be c overed with the energy stored inside the battery. The algorithm takes into account the complexity of the behavior of electrochemical batteries, with s pecial reference to lead-acid batteries, as well as the main issues related to different driving styles. This paper also discusses some of the experim ental results obtained by the use of the algorithm in several urban test tr ips made using two different types of electric vehicles.