Density functional study of fluorescent indicators for the intracellular determination of Ca2+ and Mg2+

Fluorescent indicators for the intracellular determination of Ca2+ and Mg2 have been studied by means of theoretical calculations, based on Density F unctional Theory (DFT). The indicators consist of the pedant o-aminophenol- N,N O-triacetic acid (APTRA), linked to an arylthiophene fluorophore substi tuted in the para position with donor or acceptor groups. The interaction o f Ca2+ and Mg2+ with the indicators was studied both in the gas phase and i n solvent. In the gas phase, these cations both have a five-fold coordinati on. Binding with the cation results in a change in the hybridisation state of the nitrogen from sp(2) to sp(3); the nitrogen lone pair is no longer pa rt of the conjugated system. The metal-nitrogen interaction is given up in solvent; the structure relaxes so that the nitrogen lone pair can again par ticipate in the conjugated system of the fluorophore. The effect of the ele ctron-withdrawing or -donating substituents on the cation-indicator interac tion was investigated. Two effects determine the nature of the complexation in solvent. Firstly, there is the inherent binding energy of the indicator with the metal, which is favored by electron-donating substituents and wea kened by electron-withdrawing groups. Secondly, there is a stabilising effe ct of the solvent on the free indicators; due to their smaller dipole momen t, fi ee indicators with electron-withdrawing groups are stabilised less by the solvent. For various substituents, these two effects evolve in opposit e ways. This results in a small overall variation of complexation energies.