Practical methods for meeting remediation goals at hazardous waste sites

Risk-based cleanup goals or preliminary remediation goals (PRGs) are establ ished at hazardous waste sites when contaminant concentrations in air, soil , surface water, or ground water exceed specified acceptable risk levels. W hen derived in accordance with the Environmental Protection Agency's risk a ssessment guidance. the PRG is intended to represent the average contaminan t concentration within an exposure unit area that is left on the site follo wing remediation. The PRG, however, frequently has been used inconsistently at Superfund sites with a number of remediation decisions using the PRG as a not-to-exceed concentration (NTEC). Such misapplications could result in overly conservative and unnecessarily costly remedial actions. The PRG sho uld be applied in remedial actions in the same manner in which it was gener ated. Statistical methods, such as Bower's Confidence Response Goal, and ma thematical methods such as "iterative removal of hot spots," are available to assist in the development of NTECs that ensure the average postremediati on contaminant concentration is at or below the PRG. These NTECs can provid e the risk manager with a more practical cleanup goal. In addition, an acut e PRG can be developed to ensure that contaminant concentrations left on-si te following remediation are not so high as to pose an acute or shortterm h ealth risk if excessive exposure to small areas of the site should occur. A case study demonstrates cost savings of five to ten times associated with the more scientifically sound use of the PRG as a postremediation site aver age, and development of a separate NTEC and acute PRG based on the methods referenced in this article.