Electron phase-space holes are regions of depleted electron density commonl
y generated during the nonlinear stage of the two-stream instability Recent
ly, bipolar electric field structures - a signature of electron holes have
been identified in the acceleration region of the auroral ionosphere. This
paper compares the evolution of electron holes in 2-D and 3-D using massive
ly-parallel PIC simulations. In 2-D, the holes decay after hundreds of plas
ma periods while emitting electrostatic whistler waves. In the 3-D simulati
ons, electron holes also go unstable and generate whistlers but, due to phy
sical processes not present in 2-D energy flows out of the whistlers and in
to highly perpendicular lower hybrid modes. As a result of this difference,
3-D holes do not decay as far as 2-D holes. The differences between 2-D an
d 3-D evolution may have important. implications for hole longevity and wav
e generation in the auroral ionosphere.