Personality and mood of former elite male athletes - A descriptive study

The purpose of this study was to describe the personality and mood of forme r athletes in middle and old age, The subjects were male athletes who repre sented Finland from 1920 to 1965 and male referents who were classified as healthy at 20 years of age. The athletes were classified into a total of fi ve athlete groups (endurance, power/combat, power/individual. team, shootin g) and one reference group. Four personality scales (extroversion, neurotic ism, life satisfaction, and hostility) were used in a baseline questionnair e in 1985 (athletes N=1040, referents N = 777). Anxiety and depression were assessed in a follow-up in 1995 (athletes N = 758, referents N = 578) with a shortened version of the BSI-53 symptom inventory. According to ANCOVA t here were group differences in extroversion, neuroticism, and life satisfac tion but not in hostility. Athletes who had participated in power/combat sp orts and team sports were more extroverted than referents. Endurance sport and shooting sport athletes had lower neuroticism scores than the referents . Endurance, power/combat, team and shooting sport athletes were more satis fied with their lives than were the referents, Discriminant analysis mainly supported these findings. Differences regarding depression were also stati stically significant between the groups as referents were more depressed th an endurance sport and team sport athletes, No group differences in anxiety were found, The subjects described in this study are unique in number of r espects. Bearing in mind the limitations of the study subjects, it is concl uded that former athletes differ from nonathletes in some personality chara cteristics and depression.