High-level chloroquine resistance in sudanese isolates of Plasmodium falciparum is associated with mutations in the chloroquine resistance transporter gene pfcrt and the multidrug resistance gene pfmdr1

Polymorphisms were examined in 2 Plasmodium falciparum genes, as were chlor oquine responses of clones and isolates from a village in eastern Sudan. Th ere was a significant association between an allele of the P. falciparum ch loroquine resistance transporter gene (pfcrt-T76) and both in vitro and in vivo resistance. There was a less significant association with the multidru g resistance gene pfmdr1-Y86 allele. A significant association between pfmd r1-Y86 and pfcrt-T76 was apparent among resistant isolates, which suggests a joint action of the 2 genes in high-level chloroquine resistance.