Carbon-carbon bond formation via oxidative-addition processes of titanium(II) reagents with pi-bonded organic substrates. Reactivity modifications byLewis acids and Lewis bases Part 22. Organic chemistry of subvalent transition metal complexes

A series of titanium(II) derivatives, TiE2, was prepared by alkylalive redu ction of TiE4 by two equivalents of n-butyllithium in THF at - 78 to 25 deg reesC (E = Cl, F, OBu ", OPri and 0.5 NPh-CH2-CH2-NPh). The LiE by-product could usually be removed by THF evaporation and dissolution of the TiE2 int o toluene. All such TiE2 derivatives were shown to effect the epimetallatio n and oligomerization of olefins, acetylenes and carbonyl derivatives in va rying degrees. Particularly pertinent were the isolation and chemical react ions of titanium(II) isoproxide, the postulated intermediate in the Kulinko vich synthesis of cyclopropanols from ethyl Grignard reagents and organic e sters, as well as an intermediate in many allied reactions developed by the Sate group. The findings of the present study corroborate completely the f oregoing hypothesis that titanium(II) isopropoxide is the key intermediate in such novel reactions in organic synthesis. Furthermore, Ti(OPri), can be prepared readily in a relatively pure state and has been found to react wi th 1-alkenes, alkynes and ketones by epimetallation at 25 degreesC to form three-membered titanacycles, which can be utilized in organic synthesis. Fi nally, the ease with which such TiE2 derivatives epimetallate unsaturated o rganic substrates has been shown to be decreased by the steric demands of E and by the coordination of Lewis bases or donor solvent to the titanium(II ) center. Lewis acids, on the other hand, greatly increase the rate of epim etallation by TiE2. A dramatic illustration of this effect is in the action of TiCl2. Me2AlCl on unsaturated hydrocarbons, wherein the polymerization of ethylene and of 1-alkene and the cyclotrimerization of alkynes are found to occur at room temperature. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights re served.