DNA microarray analysis of complex biologic processes

DNA microarrays, or gene chips, allow surveys of gene expression, (i.e., mR NA expression) in a highly parallel and comprehensive manner. The pattern o f gene expression produced, known as the expression profile, depicts the su bset of gene transcripts expressed in a cell or tissue. At its most fundame ntal level, the expression profile can address qualitatively which genes ar e expressed in disease states. However, with the aid of bioinformatics tool s such as cluster analysis, self-organizing maps, and principle component a nalysis, more sophisticated questions can be answered. Microarrays can be u sed to characterize the functions of novel genes, identify genes in a biolo gic pathway, analyze genetic variation, and identify therapeutic drug targe ts. Moreover, the expression profile can be used as a tissue or disease "fi ngerprint." This review details the fabrication of arrays, data management tools, and applications of microarrays to the field of renal research and t he future of clinical practice.