Cell-surface heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are ubiquitous and abun
dant receptors/co-receptors of extracellular ligands(1,2), including many m
icrobes(3-10). Their role in microbial infections is poorly defined, howeve
r, because no cell-surface HSPG has been clearly connected to the pathogene
sis of a particular microbe. We have previously shown that Pseudomonas aeru
ginosa, through its virulence factor LasA, enhances the in vitro shedding o
f syndecan-1-the predominant cell-surface HSPG of epithelia(11). Here we sh
ow that shedding of syndecan-1 is also activated by P. aeruginosa in vivo,
and that the resulting syndecan-1 ectodomains enhance bacterial virulence i
n newborn mice. Newborn mice deficient in syndecan-1 resist P. aeruginosa l
ung infection but become susceptible when given purified syndecan-1 ectodom
ains or heparin, but not when given ectodomain core protein, indicating tha
t the ectodomain's heparan sulphate chains are the effectors. In wild-type
newborn mice, inhibition of syndecan-1 shedding or inactivation of the shed
ectodomain's heparan sulphate chains prevents lung infection. Our findings
uncover a pathogenetic mechanism in which a host response to tissue injury
-syndecan-1 shedding-is exploited to enhance microbial virulence apparently
by modulating host defences.