Design procedure for two-stage CMOS transconductance operational amplifiers: A tutorial

This paper deals with well-defined design criteria for two-stage CMOS trans conductance operational amplifiers. A novel and simple design procedure is presented, which allows electrical parameters to be univocally related to t he value of each circuit element and biasing value. Unlike previous methods , the proposed one is suited for a pencil-and-paper design and yields accur ate performance optimization without introducing unnecessary circuit constr aints. Bandwidth optimization strategies are also discussed. SPICE simulati ons based on the proposed procedures are given which closely agree the expe cted results.