Ischemic bile duct injury as a serious complication after transarterial chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

Background: Bile duct injuries after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) have been reported; however, the exact pathogenic mechanisms and clinical implications of the injuries remain to be clarified. Study: A total of 950 consecutive patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were studied. Amon g them, 807 were treated with TACE and the remaining 143 were treated with transarterial chemoinfusion (TACI) of cisplatin. Results: None of 143 patie nts with HCC treated with TACI were found to have any radiographic evidence of biliary injury. In contrast, of the 807 patients treated with TACE, 17 (2%) developed biliary complications. Of all complications, 12 (71%) were s ubcapsular bilomas; 3 (17%), focal strictures of the common hepatic duct or common bile duct; and 2 (12%), diffuse mild dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts, interestingly, 2 of the 12 bilomas were found in the lobe that was not embolized with gelatin sponge particles. The median numbers of TAC E tended to be greater in the patients with focal stricture than in those w ith bilomas (6.0 vs. 2.5; p = 0.08). All 3 patients with focal strictures a nd 3 of the 12 patients with bilomas had associated serious bacterial infec tions at presentation. Conclusions: Bilomas seem to be caused by iodized oi l rather than gelatin sponge particles; focal strictures of large bile duct s seem to be caused by gelatin sponge particles. We suggest that adjustment s in the amounts of iodized oil or gelatin sponge particles and in the site s of embolization may reduce ischemic biliary injuries after TACE.