The Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) - A multi-scale nonhydrostatic atmospheric simulation and prediction tool. part II: Model physics and applications

In Part I of this paper series, the dynamic equations, numerical solution p rocedures and the parameterizations of subgrid-scale and PBL turbulence of the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) were described. The dynamic and numerical framework of the model was verified using idealized and real mountain flow cases and an idealized density current. In this Part II, we p resent the treatment of other physics processes and the related verificatio ns. The PBL and surface layer parameterization, the soil model and the atmosphe ric radiation packages are tested in a fully coupled mode to simulate the d evelopment and evolution of the PBL over a 48-hour period, using the Wangar a day-33 data. A good agreement is found between the simulated and observed PBL evolution, at both day and night times. The model is used to simulate a 3-D supercell storm that is well documented in previous literature. The results show that considerable errors can resu lt from the use of conventional non-conservative advection schemes; the ice microphysics option coupled with a monotonic advection scheme yields the m ost realistic simulation with better prediction of precipitation. The ARPS is also applied to the 48-hour prediction of a January 1999 case t hat involves an outbreak of a historical number of tornadoes for the month within the state of Arkansas, the United States. A long-lasting intense squ all line developed following the tornado outbreak. Simulation on 32-km and 6-km resolution grids successfully reproduced the observed development and evolution, including the timing and location, of these systems. Preliminary analyses show that large-scale forcing provided the primary focusing mecha nism in triggering the initial convection in Arkansas before the outbreak o f tornadic thunderstorms. It is also found that the mesoscale circulation i nduced by the intense long-lived squall line at the later time contributed significantly, through vertical momentum transport and geostrophic adjustme nt processes, to the intensification and northward propagation of upper-lev el jet core, which in term influenced the evolution of surface cyclone and associated precipitation. This last set of experiments serves to demonstrat e the capabilities of the ARPS as a complete system in an NWP setting. The result of these experiments and those presented in Part I establishes the c redibility of the model for a wide range of applications.