"If I had said it I would have remembered it": Reducing false memories with a distinctiveness heuristic

We examined the contributions of decision processes to the rejection of fal se memories. In two experiments, people studied lists of semantically relat ed words and then completed a recognition test containing studied words, un related lure words, and related lure words. People who said words aloud at study were less likely to falsely recognize related lures on the test than were those who heard words at study. We suggest that people who said words at study employed a distinctiveness heuristic during the test whereby they demanded access to distinctive say information in order to judge an item as old. Even when retrieving say information is not perfectly diagnostic of p rior study, as in Experiment 2, in which participants both said and heard w ords at study, people persist in using the distinctiveness heuristic to red uce false memories.