Three different biosensors for detection of Genetically Modified Organisms
(GMOs) are presented. The sensing principle is based on the affinity intera
ction between nucleic acids: the probe is immobilised on the sensor surface
and the target analyte is free in solution, The immobilised probes are spe
cific for most inserted sequences in GMOs: the promoter P35S and the termin
ator TNOS. Electrochemical methods with screen-printed electrodes, piezoele
ctric and optical (SPR) transduction principles were applied.