Coupling cloud processes with the large-scale dynamics using the Cloud-Resolving Convection Parameterization (CRCP)

A formal approach is presented to couple small-scale processes associated w ith atmospheric moist convection with the large-scale dynamics. The approac h involves applying a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model in each column of a three-dimensional large-scale model. In the spirit of classical convec tion parameterization, which assumes scale separation between convection an d the large-scale flow, the cloud-resolving models from neighboring columns interact only through the large-scale dynamics. This approach is referred to as Cloud-Resolving Convection Parameterization (CRCP). In short, CRCP in volves many two-dimensional cloud-resolving models interacting in a manner consistent with the large-scale dynamics. The approach is first applied to the idealized problem of a convective-radi ative equilibrium of a two-dimensional nonrotating atmosphere in the presen ce of SST gradients. This simple dynamical setup allows comparison of CRCP simulations with the cloud-resolving model results. In these tests, the lar ge-scale model has various horizontal grid spacings, from 20 to 500 km, and the CRCP domains change correspondingly. Comparison between CRCP and cloud -resolving simulations shows that the large-scale features, such as the mea n temperature and moisture profiles and the large-scale flow, are reasonabl y well represented in CRCP simulations. However, the interaction between as cending and descending branches through the gravity wave mechanism, as well as organization of convection into mesoscale convective systems, are poorl y captured. These results illustrate the limitations of not only CRCP, but also convection parameterization in general. The CRCP approach is also applied to the idealized problem of a rotating co nstant-SST aquaplanet in convective-radiative equilibrium. The global CRCP simulation features pronounced large-scale organization of convection withi n the equatorial waveguide. A prominent solitary equatorial "super cloud cl uster'' develops toward the end of the 80-day long simulation, which bears a strong resemblance to the Madden-Julian oscillation observed in the terre strial Tropics.