The intensification of work in Europe

Across many European countries, the 1990s have witnessed an intensification of labour effort. Using data from The European Survey on Working Condition s (ESWCs), we find that Britain has experienced the fastest rise in work ef fort, while in western Germany, Denmark and Greece there has been very litt le effort intensification. Effort is higher in jobs that use computers more frequently, and, with the exception of Britain, higher in private sector t han public sector jobs. Effort has increased faster in countries where trad e union density has declined the most. However, there remains a significant shift in effort that is not accounted for by available explanatory variabl es. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.