In this article, we analyze the relationship between outward foreign direct
investment (FDI) and exports, using Spanish quarterly data for the period
1977-1998, by means of Granger causality tests in a cointegration framework
. Our results point to the existence of a relationship of complementarity b
etween both variables, with Granger causality running in the short run from
outward FDI to exports, and bilateral Granger causality in the long run.