Membrane separation processes: Current relevance and future opportunities

During the last 35 years membranes have evolved from a laboratory tool to i ndustrial products with significant technical and commercial impact Today, membranes are used for desalination of sea and brackish water and for treat ing industrial effluents. They are efficient tools for the concentration an d purification of food and pharmaceutical products and the production of ba se chemicals. Furthermore, membranes are key components in artificial organ s drug delivery devices, and energy conversion systems. In combination with conventional techniques membranes often provide cleaner and more energy-ef ficient production routes for high-quality products. Fundamental aspects of membranes and membrane processes are discussed, as well as technically and economically effective applications. The present and future membrane marke t is assessed and new developments and future research needs are discussed.