Steady-state analysis of water distribution networks including pressure-reducing valves

Hydraulic networks that contain controlling elements such as pressure-reduc ing valves (PRVs) are difficult to simulate. Limited literature exists on t he explicit modeling of PRVs in a general solution procedure for steady-sta te analysis of water distribution systems. it is also known that inclusion of PRVs may lead to numerical difficulties. The objective of this article i s to develop and present in sufficient detail the modeling of PRVs in combi nation with the linear theory method for steady-state analysis of water dis tribution networks. The presentation is explicit enough and leads to a robu st algorithm that can be directly implemented in a computer program. The ge neral methodology for simulating water distribution networks that embodies graph theoretic concepts, hydraulic theory, and numerical algorithms is rev iewed.