In the Ruhr area, lichens have been used as bioindicators for air-quality a
ssessment apart from physico-chemical methods. The first investigation of t
he lichen vegetation took place in 1966 indicating an extremely impoverishe
d lichen flora due to high air pollution particularly by SO,. Observations
in 1985, 1988 to 1992 and 1997 to 2000 show a strong recolonization by lich
ens due to improved air quality.