Multiplicity and regulation of genes encoding peptide transporters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The model eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two distinct peptide trans port mechanisms, one for di-/tripeptides (the PTR system) and another for t etra-/pentapeptides (the OPT system). The PTR system consists of three gene s, PTR1, PTR2 and PTR3. The transporter (Ptr2p), encoded by the gene PTR2, is a 12 transmembrane domain (TMD) integral membrane protein that transloca tes di-/tripeptides. Homologues to Ptr2p have been identified in virtually all organisms examined to date and comprise the PTR family of transport pro teins. In S. cerevisiae, the expression of PTR2 is highly regulated at the cellular level by complex interactions of many genes, including PTR1, PTR3, CUP9 and SSY1. Oligopeptides, consisting of four to five amino acids, are transported by the 12-14 TMD integral membrane protein Opt1p. Unlike Ptr2p, distribution of this protein appears limited to fungi and plants, and ther e appears to be three paralogues in S. cerevisiae. This transporter has an affinity for enkephalin, an endogenous mammalian pentapeptide, as well as f or glutathione. Although it is known that OPT1 is normally expressed only d uring sporulation, to date little is known about the genes and proteins inv olved in the regulation of OPT1 expression.