We demonstrate that effective traveling-wave excitation of high-gain amplif
iers requires velocities that are remarkably slower than the velocity of li
ght. Experiments with a femtosecond-laser-pumped molecular hydrogen laser e
xhibit pronounced enhancement of the intensity if an excitation velocity th
at is slower than the velocity of light is employed. These results are dire
ctly scalable to shorter wavelengths, paving the way for a more effective p
ump setup for x-ray lasers. (C) 2001 Optical Society of America.