Tumors are unique organs defined by abnormal signaling and context

Many cancer investigations have focussed on the eradication of the cancer c ell itself and in doing so, overlook the inherent complexity and heterogene ity of solid tumors. Here, we argue that, in many cases, it is the altered communication within the tumor, rather than mutations per se, that is the d efining characteristic of cancer. As a result, tumorigenesis can be indirec tly initiated by environmental or inherited factors that affect the stromal cells. We propose that anticancer research might be more effective if aime d at eradicating the cause of abnormality rather than just treating the end result.