It has been well established that double-stranded DNA undergoes a melting,
or helix/coil, transition into a single-stranded coil state with an increas
e in temperature. On the other hand, it has recently been found that, at a
fixed temperature, long DNA, larger than several kilobase pairs, exhibits a
discrete transition, or switching, between elongated and folded states, pr
eserving its double-stranded structure, with the addition of various conden
sation agents, such as alcohol, hydrophilic polymer, multivalent cation, an
d cationic surfactant. In the present study, we examined the interplay betw
een the folding/unfolding transition and the helix/coil transition in indiv
idual giant DNA molecules, by observing the conformation of single molecula
r chains with fluorescence microscopy. The results indicate that the helix-
to-coil transition tightly cooperates with the unfolding transition in DNA.