The oldest deep-sea Ophiomorpha and Scolicia and associated trace fossils from the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous deep-water turbidite deposits of SW Bulgaria

Deep-sea trace fossils of the Nereites ichnofacies occur in the uppermost K immeridgian-Berriasian deep-water turbidite deposits of the Kostel Formatio n in SW Bulgaria. The trace fossil assemblage contains Tithonian Ophiomorph a isp. and Ophiomorpha annulata, which are the oldest deep-sea representati ves of this ichnogenus. They indicate much older invasion of Ophiomorpha in to deep-sea, which was hitherto dated as to mid-Cretaceous. It is not clear whether the invasion failed or Ophiomorpha survived in deep-sea refuge and became widespread after improving oxygenation of the deep seas after the C enomanian/Turonian anoxic event. Tithonian Scolicia, produced by irregular echinoids, exhibits a similar distribution pattern. (C) 2001 Elsevier Scien ce B.V. All rights reserved.