Issues relating to civilian and military dual uses of GNSS

This paper discusses the civilian and military dual uses of Global Navigati on Satellite Systems (GNSS). Its focus is on the primary GNSS provider: the United States dual use Global Positioning System (GPS). The Russian Glonas s is also dual use but this is used much less than GPS. It is difficult for the US Department of Defense to accommodate the requirements of all the ci vilian users. Resolution of some dual use problems is accomplished through pressure and negotiation. International civilian users exacerbate the dual use problem by demanding service guaranties and a share of control over GPS . Additionally, Europeans seek to obtain a share of the promising GNSS indu stry and employment by building their own GNSS provider Galileo. (C) 2001 E lsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.