HETEROGENEITIES AT 2 LEVELS - STATES, NON-STATE ACTORS AND INTENTIONAL OIL POLLUTION

Heterogeneities among states, among non-state actors and between state and non-state actors explain the timing, process, form and effectiven ess of international regulation of intentional oil pollution. Understa nding the progressive movement toward rules that reduced intentional o il discharges depends on identifying different varieties of heterogene ity and their unique influences on the process and outcomes of coopera tion. Success at reducing discharges by tanker operators, who had few incentives to provide the public good of a cleaner ocean, depended on rules that took advantage of existing heterogeneities in preferences a nd capacities to build a regulatory structure that coerced compliance by preventing most violations and deterring the rest.