Kinship analysis of Pacific salmon: Insights into mating, homing, and timing of reproduction

Multilocus microsatellite genotypes were used to infer kinship and relatedn ess in two species of Pacific salmon from three populations in Washington S tate. Even in the absence of direct genetic data from parents, clustering o f individuals according to allele sharing and reconstruction of parental ge notypes allowed resolution of full- and half-sib relationships among 135 ch inook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) sampled as preemergent juveniles fr om 14 redds in the Dungeness River. Inferred reproductive behaviors include d single-pair matings, polyandry in which females mated with two to three m ales at a single redd, polygyny in which males mated with two females at di fferent redds, use of two redds by a single female, and use of one redd sit e by two females. Greater average relatedness (r(xy)) in the upper reach of the Dungeness River implied within-reach homing of returning adults. In st eelhead trout (O. mykiss), the frequency of related pairs (dyads) of mature individuals that migrated up Snow Creek less than a week apart was greater than expected for randomly chosen dyads, as was the frequency of steelhead dyads that were spawned on the same day in the Forks Creek hatchery. These results imply a heritable basis for upstream migration date and maturation date in steelhead trout.