Effect of rare earth impurities on fluorescent cooling in ZBLAN glass

Anti-Stokes excitation of ytterbium-doped fluorozirconate glasses can resul t in a cooling effect. This process requires a maximum quantum efficiency f or Yb3+ emission and therefore the smallest concentrations of impurities. I n this respect, the effect of Er3+ and Tm3+ ions, which are often associate d with Yb3+, is studied by evaluating the heating power generated by the ex citation of these ions through energy transfers. For this purpose, glasses with composition (in mol%) 56 - x% ZrF4, 28% BaF2, 4% AlF3, 7% NaF, 2.5% La F3, 2.5% YbF3, x% ErF3, with x: 0, 0.02, 0.1, 0.5, were prepared by convent ional methods. In the case of Er3+, the energy transfer rate populating the F-4(7/2) State from Yb3+ F-2(5/2) State by upconversion has first been exp erimentally determined. Then, using multiphonon non-radiative relaxation pa rameters and Judd-Ofelt theory, a complete rate equation model (up to Er3F-4(7/2) state) has been solved for the Er3+-Yb3+ system. For an excitation at 1010 nm, the calculated ratio between cooling and heating powers shows that for < 10(17) ions/cm(3), erbium has a negligible effect even at excita tion power densities of 25 kW/cm(2). For this ion, further purification of the glass should not be useful. At 10(18) ions/cm(3), the heating power due to erbium is still a few percent of the cooling power but the upconverted emission may be used to evaluate the glass temperature by measuring the rat io between H-2(11/2) --> I-4(15/2) and S-4(3/2) --> I-4(15/2) emission inte nsities. At larger concentrations, cooling is reduced. Energy transfer to T m3+ ions, which is largely non-resonant, is estimated to be very small comp ared to other processes so that these ions have a negligible effect on cool ing. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.