Influence of hydrogen bonding on the second harmonic generation effect: neutron diffraction study of 4-nitro-4 '-methylbenzylidene aniline

A neutron diffraction study of the non-linear optical (NLO) material 4-nitr o-4' -methylbenzylidene aniline (NMBA) is presented. NMBA exhibits a large macroscopic second-order NLO susceptibility, chi ((2)), and this study show s that hydrogen bonding is, in part, responsible for this. No hydrogen bond ing was reported in the X-ray study [Ponomarev et al. (1977). Sov. Phys. Cr ystallogr. 22, 223-225], whereas the present work shows that C-H . . .X hyd rogen bonds (where X = N, O or pi) direct the nature of the three-dimension al lattice. C-H . . .X (X = N or O) hydrogen bonds are common; however, C-H . . .X hydrogen-bond motifs are relatively rare. Such intermolecular inter actions help extend the molecular charge transfer into the supramolecular r ealm, the charge transfer originating as a consequence of the high level of molecular planarity and strong donor-to-acceptor interactions. Molecular p lanarity, coupled with the favourable nature of the hydrogen bonds, results in parallel stacking of molecules in both the a and c crystallographic dir ections with extremely close interplanar spacings. Such a combination of in fluential hydrogen-bonding characteristics accounts, in part, for the large second-order NLO output of the material since the phenomenon is so critica lly dependent upon the nature of the charge transfer.