Immunotherapy in patients with systemic mycoses - A promising adjunct

Evidence from several in vitro and animal model studies suggests a modulato ry role of haemopoietic, T(H)1 and T(H)2 cytokines in host defence against fungi, and highlights their potential utility as adjunctive therapy for man agement of systemic mycoses (SM). However, there are limited clinical data to support the use of cytokines in prevention and treatment of SM. Thus. at present no adjunctive treatment is justified for routine use in all patien ts. Potential application of these immunomodulatory agents include the use of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor or macrophage colony-st imulating factor in the management of mycoses in neutropenic patients with myelogenous leukaemia or bone marrow transplantation, Interferon-gamma may have a useful role against aspergillosis in patients with chronic granuloma tous disease. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-elicited white blood ce ll transfusions may be life saving to patients with refractory SM. Better u nderstanding of synergy between cytokines and specific antifungals may prov ide powerful tools for managing these serious infections.