Preschoolers' appreciation of uncommon desires and subsequent emotions

Many theory of mind researchers have argued that even preschoolers understa nd the causal relationship between desires and emotions: the fulfilment of a desire results in a positive emotion, whereas its frustration elicits a n egative emotion. Children can acknowledge this simple link between desires and emotions, even when their own desire differs from that of the story pro tagonist. However, in this paper we argue that under some conditions presch ool children will not base their emotion predictions for another person on the basis of the other person's desires. In the first experiment, 3- to 5-y ear-old children were tested for their understanding of desires, when the p rotagonist's desire for a snack increasingly conflicted with their own pref erence for a snack. Only the 4-year-olds performed as expected: they gave m ore accurate emotion predictions when the distance between their own prefer ence and the protagonist's desire was reduced. When the snacks were replace d by toys, however, preschool children showed a bias in their emotion predi ctions that seemed gender related. The second experiment confirmed that sex -stereotyped beliefs about desirability biased children's predictions of ot hers' emotions: 4- and 5-year-old children were more accurate in their pred ictions when the protagonist had a traditional desire (a girl wanting to pl ay with a doll), than when the protagonist had a non-traditional desire (a boy wanting to play with a doll), irrespective of children's own preference s for one toy over the other. In sum, evidence was found for two biasing in fluences in children's understanding of others' emotions: (1) an increased distance between the protagonist's desire and participants' own desires, an d (2) beliefs about desirability based on, for example, cultural-norms for gender related preferences, which increases with age.