Validation of smoking status in clinical research into inflammatory periodontal disease

Background: Tobacco smoking is an accepted risk factor for periodontal dise ase. Most studies in the periodontal literature rely on reported smoking ha bits which can be unreliable. This review specifically addresses this probl em. Methods: Methods of assessing tobacco smoke exposure, Variation in individu al smoking habits, classification of former/ex-smokers, and validation of a bstinence in smoking cessation studies receive attention. Discussion: Additionally, clinical studies that have examined periodontal h ealth in subjects with validated smoking status are discussed.