Self-esteem and optimism in men and women infected with HIV

Background: Self-esteem and optimism have been associated with appraisal an d outcomes in a variety of situations. The degree to which the contribution of self-esteem and optimism to outcomes over time is accounted for by the differences in threat (primary) or resource (secondary) appraisal has not b een established in persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Objectives: To examine the longitudinal relationship of personality (self-e steem and optimism) on primary and secondary appraisal and outcomes of well -being, mood, CD4 + T-lymphocyte count, and selected activities. Methods: Men (n = 56) and women (n = 42) infected with HIV completed eight self-report measures twice over 18 months. Hierarchical Multiple Regression s were used to examine the relationship of personality variables on apprais als and outcomes. The mediating effects of primary and secondary appraisals were explored. Results: Self-esteem uniquely accounted for 6% of the variance in primary a ppraisal and 5% in secondary appraisal. Optimism accounted for 8% of the un ique variance in secondary appraisal. Primary and secondary appraisal media ted differently between personality and outcome variables. A strong predict or of well-being, mood disturbance, and activity disruption at Time 2 was p articipants' initial level of these variables. Socioeconomic status was a s trong predictor of mood. Conclusions: Self-esteem and optimism are important but different resources for adapting to HIV disease. Strategies for reducing threats and increasin g resources associated with HIV may improve an individual's mood and sense of well-being.