Objective self-awareness theory: Recent progress and enduring problems

Objective self-awareness theory has undergone fundamental changes in the 3 decades since Duval and Wicklund's (1972) original formation. We review new evidence that bears on the basic tenets of the theory. Many of the assumpt ions of self-awareness theory require revision, particularly how expectanci es influence approach and avoidance of self-standard discrepancies; the nat ure of standards, especially when they are changed; and the role of causal attribution in directing discrepancy reduction. However, several unresolved conceptual issues remain; future theoretical and empirical directions are discussed.