Casing shear: causes, cases, cures

Casing impairment leads to loss of pressure integrity, pinching of producti on tubing, or an inability to lower workover tools. Usually, impairment ari ses through shear owing to displacement of the rock strata along bedding pl anes or along more steeply inclined fault planes. These displacements are s hear failures. They are triggered by stress concentrations generated by vol ume changes resulting from production or injection activity. Volume changes may arise from pressure changes, temperature changes, or solids movement ( solids injection or production). Dominant casing-deformation mechanisms are localized horizontal shear at we ak Lithology interfaces within the overburden; localized horizontal shear a t the top of production and injection intervals, and casing buckling within the producing interval, primarily located near perforations. Mitigating casing damage usually means reducing the amount of shear slip or finding a method of allowing slip or distortion to occur without immediate ly affecting the casing. Strengthening the casing-cement system seldom will eliminate shear, although in some circumstances it may retard it. Proper w ell location or inclination, underreaming, special completions approaches, reservoir management, and other methods exist to reduce the frequency or ra te of casing shear.