Resistance to moxifloxacin in toxigenic Clostridium difficile isolates is associated with mutations in gyrA

Clostridium difficile is the etiological agent of antibiotic-associated col itis and the most common cause of hospital-acquired infectious diarrhea. Fl uoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin are associated with lower risks of C. difficile-associated diarrhea. In this study, we have analyzed 72 C. diffic ile isolates obtained from patients with different clinical courses of dise ase, such as toxic megacolon and relapses; the hospital environment; public places; and horses. They were investigated for their susceptibilities to m oxifloxacin (MXF), metronidazole (MEO), and vancomycin (VAN). Mutants highl y resistant to fluoroquinolones were selected in vitro by stepwise exposure to increasing concentrations of MXF. The resulting mutants were analyzed f or the presence of mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region s of DNA gyrase (gyrA), the production of toxins A and B, and the epidemiol ogical relationship of these isolates. These factors were also investigated using PCR-based methods. All strains tested were susceptible to MEO and VA N. Twenty-six percent of the clinical isolates (19 of 72) were highly resis tant to MXF (MIC greater than or equal to 16 mug/ml). Fourteen of these 19 strains contained nucleotide changes resulting in amino acid substitutions at position 83 in the gyrA protein. Resistant strains selected in vitro did not contain mutations at that position. These findings indicate that resis tance to MXF in a majority of cases may be due to amino acid substitution i n the gyrA gene.