Hole injection barriers at polymer anode/small molecule interfaces

A photoemission study of the interface between spin-cast films of a conduct ing polymer blend consisting of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), p oly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) and glycerol as an additive, and vacuum-evapo rated hole transport layers (HTL) of 4,4'-bis(carbazol-9-yl)biphenyl, N,N'- diphenyl-N,N'-bis(1-naphthyl)-1-1'biphenyl-4,4'-diamine and N,N'-diphenyl-N ,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine reveals a hole injection barrier between 0.5 and 0.9 eV at the glycerol-modified PEDOT-PSS/HTL inte rface. The measured energy barriers imply a reasonable charge injection, wh ich is very encouraging for further development of the novel anode structur es based on a conducting polymer/small molecule interface to be utilized in electro-optic applications such as organic light-emitting devices. (C) 200 1 American Institute of Physics.