Nutrient use efficiency in plants

Invariably, many agricultural soils of the world are deficient in one or mo re of the essential nutrients needed to support healthy plants. Acidity, al kalinity, salinity, anthropogenic processes, nature of farming, and erosion can lead to soil degradation. Additions of fertilizers and/or amendments a re essential for a proper nutrient supply and maximum yields. Estimates of overall efficiency of applied fertilizer have been reported to be about or lower than 50% for N, less than 10% for P, and about 40% for K. Plants that are efficient in absorption and utilization of nutrients greatly enhance t he efficiency of applied fertilizers, reducing cost of inputs, and preventi ng, losses of nutrients to ecosystems. Inter- and intra-specific variation for plant growth and mineral nutrient use efficiency (NUE) are known to be under genetic and physiological control and are modified by plant interacti ons with environmental variables. There is need for breeding programs to fo cus on developing cultivars with high NUE. Identification of traits such as nutrient absorption, transport, utilization, and mobilization in plant cul tivars should greatly enhance fertilizer use efficiency. The development of new cultivars with higher NUE, coupled with best management practices (BMP s) will contribute to sustainable agricultural systems that protect and pro mote soil, water and air quality.