A. Zhuk et H. Kleinert, CASIMIR EFFECT AT NONZERO TEMPERATURES IN A CLOSED FRIEDMANN UNIVERSE, Theoretical and mathematical physics, 109(2), 1996, pp. 1483-1493
For massive and massless scalar fields with an arbitrary coupling to g
ravity, we investigate finite-size (Casimir) effects on the free energ
y at nonzero temperatures in a slowly evolving closed Friedmann univer
se. The renormalized expressions for the fi ee energy and the resultin
g energy density and pressure are found and their physical properties
are discussed. The equation of state turns out to have the form P = rh
o/3 for radiation with arbitrary coupling.