Eocene mammal faunas from northern Indo-Pakistan

We present a summary of the Eocene mammal faunas of Indo-Pakistan based on study of the known faunas and new collections. New taxa described here are the carpolestid Parvocristes oligocollis, the plesiadapid Jattadectes mamik heli (both new families for the subcontinent), the hyaenodontid Paratritemn odon jandewalensis, the arctocyonid Karakia longidens, the raoellid Khirtha ria aurea, and the helaletid Jhagirilophus chorgalensis. Based on the fauna l evidence and considering the geological setting, we also evaluate the uni formity of the Eocene faunas from northern Indo-Pakistan. Tentatively, we p ropose that three chronologically distinct faunas occur in Northern Indo-Pa kistan. These are, from oldest to youngest, (1) the Banda Daud Shah Fauna, (2) the Ganda Kas Fauna, and (3) the Kalakot Fauna. Although there are broa d similarities between these faunas and Eocene faunas of the Northern Hemis phere, the Indian subcontinent retained a highly distinctive fauna in that period.