Ja. Figueroa et Jj. Armesto, Community-wide germination strategies in a temperate rainforest of Southern Chile: ecological and evolutionary correlates, AUST J BOT, 49(4), 2001, pp. 411-425
Delayed seed germination ('dispersal in time'), as a component of a plant's
germination strategy, was studied in dicotyledoneous species of a temperat
e rainforest flora in Chiloe Island (42 degrees 30' S), southern Chile. The
objective of this investigation was to assess, for this temperate rainfore
st flora, what proportion of interspecific variation in the time of seed ge
rmination-measured in days since the onset of seed dispersal in space-could
be attributed to the plants' historical and phylogenetic background and wh
at proportion was associated with life history and ecological attributes su
ch as seed mass, life form, dispersal syndromes and dispersal periods. To c
haracterise germination times for 44 species from Chiloe forests (n = 150 s
eeds sowed per species in laboratory assays), we computed the mean germinat
ion time (GT), in days since sowing, for all seeds germinated of each speci
es. Seeds were taken from the plants at the onset of dispersal and germinat
ed in Petri dishes at 10/20 degrees C. Considering all species, GTs varied
between 3 and 385 days and presented an L-shaped frequency distribution. On
e-way ANOVAs measured the effects of each factor across all other variables
. Two-way ANOVAs were used to assess significant interactions between facto
rs. Multifactorial ANOVAs were used to evaluate the independent effects of
each of six historical, phylogenetic and ecological factors on GT and to de
tect associations between factors. In one-way ANOVAs, phylogenetic grouping
(at or above order) explained 12% of the variance in GT; dispersal period
(summer v. mainly autumn dissemination of ripe seeds), biogeographic elemen
t (endemic, austral, neotropical or cosmopolitan) and dispersal syndrome (f
leshy v. dry propagules) explained 7, 6 and 5% of the variance in GT, respe
ctively. The factors life form (trees, shrub and woody vines combined, herb
s and non-woody epiphytes) and seed mass (light v. heavy) explained the 4 a
nd 2% of the variance in GT, respectively. Taxa related to Ranunculales pre
sented the longest mean GT (148 days). Endozoochorous species had a more de
layed germination than species with other dispersal syndromes. Herbs and no
n-woody epiphyte species showed mean GT (41 days) significantly shorter tha
n trees and shrubs plus woody vines combined (86 and 85 days, respectively)
. All interactions in two-way ANOVAs were significant. Multifactorial ANOVA
s revealed that the three major factors contributing to differences in GT i
n this temperate rainforest flora were phylogenetic relatedness, dispersal
syndromes and life form (7, 6 and 6% of the interspecific variation, respec
tively). In this analysis, biogeographic element, dispersal period and seed
mass were not significantly related to GT. For the factors examined, failu
re-time analysis, which takes into account all viable seeds not germinating
in laboratory assays, confirmed results from multifactorial ANOVAs.