A review of mentation in REM and NREM sleep: "Covert" REM sleep as a possible reconciliation of two opposing models

Numerous studies have replicated the finding of mentation in both rapid eye movement (REM) and nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. However, two differ ent theoretical models have been proposed to account for this finding: (1) a one-generator model, in which mentation is generated by a single set of p rocesses regardless of physiological differences between REM and NREM sleep ; and (2) a two-generator model, in which qualitatively different generator s produce cognitive activity in the two states. First, research is reviewed demonstrating conclusively that mentation can occur in NREM sleep; global estimates show an average mentation recall rate of about 50% from NREM slee p - a value that has increased substantially over the years. Second, nine d ifferent types of research on RENT and NREM cognitive activity are examined for evidence supporting or refuting the two models. The evidence largely, but not completely, favors the two-generator model. Finally, in a prelimina ry attempt to reconcile the two models, an alternative model is proposed th at assumes the existence of covert REM sleep processes during NREM sleep. S uch covert activity may be responsible for much of the dreamlike cognitive activity occurring in NREM sleep.