A large-scale categorization of sites in San Francisco Bay, USA, based on the sediment quality triad, toxicity identification evaluations, and gradient studies

Sediment quality was assessed in San Francisco Bay, California, USA, using a two-tiered approach in which I I I sites were initially screened for sedi ment toxicity. Sites exhibiting toxicity were then resampled and analyzed f or chemical contamination, recurrent toxicity, and, in some cases, benthic community impacts. Resulting data were compared with newly derived threshol d values for each of-the metrics in a triad-based weight-of-evidence evalua tion. Sediment toxicity test results were compared with tolerance limits de rived from reference site data, benthic community data were compared with t hreshold values for a relative benthic index based on the presence and abun dance of pollution-tolerant and -sensitive taxa, and concentrations of chem icals and chemical mixtures were compared with sediment quality guideline-b ased thresholds. A total of 57 sites exceeded threshold values for at least one metric, and each site was categorized based on triad inferences. Nine sites were found to exhibit recurrent sediment toxicity associated with ele vated contaminant concentrations, conditions that met program criteria for regulatory attention. Benthic community impacts were also observed at three of these sites, providing triad evidence of pollution-induced degradation. Multi- and univariate correlations indicated that chemical mixtures, heavy metals, chlordanes, and other organic compounds were associated with measu red biological impacts in the Bay. Toxicity identification evaluations indi cated that metals were responsible for pore-water toxicity to sea urchin la rvae at two sites. Gradient studies indicated that the toxicity tests and b enthic community metrics employed in the study predictably tracked concentr ations of chemical mixtures in Bay sediments.