Trace amines: Identification of a family of mammalian G protein-coupled receptors

Tyramine, beta -phenylethylamine, tryptamine, and octopamine are biogenic a mines present in trace levels in mammalian nervous systems. Although some " trace amines have dearly defined roles as neurotransmitters in invertebrate s, the extent to which they function as true neurotransmitters in vertebrat es has remained speculative. Using a degenerate PCR approach, we have ident ified 15 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) from human and rodent tissues. Together with the orphan receptor PNR, these receptors form a subfamily of rhodopsin GPCRs distinct from, but related to the classical biogenic amine receptors. We have demonstrated that two of these receptors bind and/or are activated by trace amines. The cloning of mammalian GPCRs for trace amines supports a role for trace amines as neurotransmitters in vertebrates. Thre e of the four human receptors from this family are present in the amygdala, possibly linking trace amine receptors to affective disorders. The identif ication of this family of receptors should rekindle the investigation of th e roles of trace amines in mammalian nervous systems and may potentially le ad to the development of novel therapeutics for a variety of indications.