The August 17, 1999, Kocaeli (Turkey) earthquake - damage to structures

The 1975 Turkish code provisions are first reviewed to provide the backgrou nd for design and detailing of structures prior to the earthquake. The perf ormance of reinforced concrete and masonry structures is described indicati ng many of the deficiencies in design, detailing, and construction executio n. The behaviour of precast concrete structures, steel structures, and indu strial facilities is also presented. The provisions of the 1997 Turkish bui lding code are summarized and a description of new construction provides ev idence of both excellent and poor construction practice. Some examples of r etrofitting of damaged structures soon after the earthquake are also presen ted.