Cancer risk assessment for the environmental mutagen and carcinogen crotonaldehyde on the basis of TD50 and comparison with 1,N-2-propanodeoxyguanosine adduct levels
Eder, E",budiawan, Cancer risk assessment for the environmental mutagen and carcinogen crotonaldehyde on the basis of TD50 and comparison with 1,N-2-propanodeoxyguanosine adduct levels, CANC EPID B, 10(8), 2001, pp. 883-888
Humans are ubiquitously exposed to crotonaldehyde to a strongly varying ext
ent, in particular, via food and alcoholic beverages. Like other alpha,beta
-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, crotonaldehyde forms 1,N-2- propanodeoxyg
uanosine adducts and is genotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic. This study
was designed to perform a cancer risk assessment on the basis of TD50, whic
h was available from a long-term cancer study with F-344 rats (F. L. Chung
et al., Cancer Res., 46: 1285-1289, 1986), and the estimated daily intake v
ia food and beverages. A relatively high cancer risk of 0.1-1 cancer incide
nce/10(3) humans was extrapolated on the basis of the TD50 from the cancer
study of Chung et al. for the estimated dietary intake and drinking wine. T
o compare the 1,N-2-propanodeoxyguanosine DNA adduct levels of crotonaldehy
de with the assessed cancer risk, we synthesized adduct standards and devel
oped a P-32-postlabeling method for DNA adducts of crotonaldehyde providing
a detection limit of 3 adducts/10(9) nucleotides. Repeated gavages of 10 a
nd I mg/kg were given to simulate the steady-state situation of the animal
cancer study of Chung et al and to estimate the adduct levels after intake
of crotonaldehyde via food. The estimated adduct levels at these crotonalde
hyde intakes were in the range of 3 adducts/10(9) nucleotides. The adducts
persisted to a certain extent. The persistence is important for considering
the steady-state situation after permanent intakes of crotonaldehyde via f
ood. However, the adducts are repaired to some extent; 2 weeks after the la
st of repeated gavages, only 19% of the initial amount measured directly af
ter the last gavage is left. According to our results, a steady-state conce
ntration in the range of 3 adducts/10(9) nucleotides is responsible for the
induction of cancer in the study of Chung et al., in the case that cancer
from crotonaldehyde depends exclusively on the 1,N-2-propanodeoxyguanosine
adducts considered here. No propanodeoxyguanosine adducts of crotonaldehyde
were found in the DNA of untreated animals in our studies.