Medical aspects of global warming

Background Global warming is caused by increased carbon dioxide (CO2) resul ting in a greenhouse effect with enhanced warming of the earth. Measurement s of CO2 show a steady increase over the past 30 years caused by the burnin g of fossil fuels and from the loss of natural CO2 sinks. A 100-year increa se in global temperature by 0.3 to 0.6 degreesC is reflected in atmospheric warming, glacier shrinkage, and rising sea levels. Objectives Planetary ecosystem dynamics are being altered, challenging publ ic health. It is predicted that morbidity and mortality will increase as a result of heat stress, as seen in recent heat waves in the U.S. Weather dis aster effects will increase in number and magnitude, and both noninfectious and infectious diseases may flourish. A significant challenge will be the changes in life cycles of microbial species due to the warmer environs. Spe cific increases in incidence have been noted for vector-borne diseases, in addition to pulmonary findings, cardiovascular morbidity, neurological dise ases, and occupational diseases. Conclusions Warming can be demonstrated by the observed changes that have a lready occurred in the environment, particularly the thinning of polar ice caps. The United States Global Research Program has been established to coo rdinate research activities, which responds to issues deemed important by t he United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Research issues p ertain to the scientific uncertainties in the greenhouse effect, temperatur e measurements at various atmospheric levels and latitudes, and impact on b iota redistribution. The Kyoto Protocol has mandated specific solutions, e. g., a 7% reduction in CO2 levels within 10 years. Future recommendations in volve supporting new technologies that are available to decrease emissions as well as understanding the role that occupational and environmental speci alists have in global warming recognition. (C) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.