Risk factors for postoperative anxiety in adults

We identified risk factors for postoperative anxiety and quantified their e ffect on 712 adults between 18 and 60 years of age (ASA I-III physical stat us) undergoing elective surgery under general anaesthesia, neural blockade or both. The measuring instruments were a structured questionnaire. a pain visual analogue scale, the McGill Pain Questionnaire. the State-Trait Anxie ty Inventory the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, a Self-Reportin g Questionnaire-20, and a Self-Perception of Future Questionnaire. Multivar iate conditional regression modelling taking into account the hierarchical relationship between risk factors revealed that postoperative anxiety was a ssociated with ASA status III (OR = 1.48), history of smoking (1.62), moder ate to intense postoperative pain (OR = 2.62) and high pain rating index (O R = 2.35), minor psychiatric disorders (OR = 1.87), pre-operative state-anx iety (OR = 2.65), and negative future perception (OR 2.20). Neural block an aesthesia (OR = 0.72), systemic multimodal analgesia (OR = 0.62) and neuroa xial opioids with or without local anaesthesia (OR = 0.63) were found to be protective factors against postoperative anxiety.